Quick answer: A hormonal migraine is a migraine attack triggered by shifting hormone levels, most often the drop in estrogen just before and during a period. These attacks tend to last longer and be harder to treat than other migraines. Options now range from timed short-term prevention and hormone strategies to newer CGRP-targeting medicines.

[Editor's Note: This article was originally published in 2013 but has been updated for accuracy and comprehensiveness.]

If you live with migraine, the idea of working out can feel risky. What if exercise brings on an attack? But over the past decade, research has made one thing clear: for most people, regular physical activity is one of the best non-drug ways to have fewer and milder migraines.

This article reviews what the latest studies show, which types of exercise help most, how much you...

 [Editor's Note: This article was originally published in 2013 but has been updated for accuracy and comprehensiveness in 2026.] 

How does light trigger migraines? Quick answer: Light triggers and worsens migraine because specialized cells in the retina, called intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), send signals along a pathway that converges with the brain's pain-processing (trigeminal) system. This is why bright, flickering, or blue-heavy light can start an attack or...

[Editor's Note: This article was originally published in October 2013 but has been updated for accuracy and comprehensiveness.]

Women are roughly three times more likely than men to experience migraines, about 17% of women versus 6% of men in the U.S. The main driver is the interaction between the hormone estrogen and a pain-signaling protein called CGRP: when estrogen drops or fluctuates, CGRP activity rises and the brain's threshold for a migraine attack falls.

That's the short answer. The...

[Editor's Note: This article was originally published in November 2018 but has been updated for accuracy and comprehensiveness.]

Getting enough sleep is important for most people, but for migraine sufferers the quality of sleep can affect them as much as the quantity. Without restful sleep we’re not at our best, and we have lower resistance to health conditions.

[Editor's Note: This article was originally published in June 2014 but has been updated in 2026 for accuracy and comprehensiveness.]

For people who live with migraines, few daily choices feel as complicated as that morning cup of coffee. Caffeine is simultaneously an ingredient in some of the most popular migraine medications and one of the most commonly reported migraine triggers. Understanding which side of that equation applies to you, and when, can make a meaningful difference in how...

[Editor's note: This article was originally published in November 2013 and has been updated for accuracy and comprehensiveness.]

Migraines are far more than ordinary headaches. As a chronic neurological condition, migraine affects roughly 39 million Americans, causing throbbing pain, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound that can sideline sufferers for hours or even days. While there is no single cause, research has consistently shown that certain lifestyle and dietary factors can trigger...

What are the most common migraine triggers and how can you avoid them?

Common migraine triggers include stress, hormonal changes, certain foods, dehydration, bright lights, and strong smells. To avoid them, track your symptoms, stay hydrated, maintain consistent routines, and limit exposure to known triggers. Identifying your personal patterns is key to preventing frequent migraine attacks. 

Migraines rarely come from a single trigger, and they almost never improve from a single change.

For most people, migraine frequency is influenced by daily patterns: sleep timing, hydration, stress load, eating habits, posture, and how consistently the nervous system is regulated. That’s why sustainable migraine relief often comes from small, repeatable habits practiced every day, not drastic overhauls or perfect routines.